3D-printed lithium-incorporated strontium calcium phosphate scaffolds as bone regenerative materials: Fabrication, physicochemical characterization, and in vitro biological evaluation.

Wei, Chenchen; Chen, Yasi; Liu, Jingjing; Yi, Jingming; Li, Yanfei; Jiang, Qiangguo; He, Fupo; He, Kunyan et al. · J Mech Behav Biomed Mater · 2026

basic_science · Level V

Where this comes from

Abstract

Strontium calcium phosphate (SrCa<sub>2</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2,</sub> SCP) bioceramic scaffolds represent promising bone regenerative biomaterials; however, their clinical potential is limited by insufficient mechanical strength and osteostimulatory capacity. To address these limitations, this study fabricated lithium-incorporated SCP (Li-SCP) scaffolds with varying Li<sup>+</sup> concentrations (0-15 mol%) via 3D printing technology. The incorporation of Li<sup>+</sup> significantly promoted sintering densification, thereby reducing porosity and enhancing compressive strength. In vitro evaluations demonstrated that the degradation rates could be tailored by adjusting the Li<sup>+</sup> content. Furthermore, the Li-SCP scaffolds supported the adhesion and proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells. Specifically, the sustained release of Li<sup>+</sup> notably enhanced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) secretion, accelerated extracellular matrix calcification, and stimulated the expression of osteogenesis-related genes. Scaffolds incorporating 5.0 and 7.5 mol% Li<sup>+</sup> exhibited an optimal balance between mechanical integrity and osteogenic activity. These findings suggest that 3D-printed Li-SCP scaffolds are viable candidates for further preclinical investigation in bone tissue engineering.