Asymmetry analysis of both humeri: Comparisons of conventional and computational measurement.

Abstract

Bilateral bone symmetry is clinically important for reconstructive and robotic surgery. However, existing measurements rely on manual methods that lack consistency. Ninety-three bilateral humeri were analyzed using three-dimensional computerized models. Conventional and computational measurements were compared. Reference coordinates were defined through principal component analysis to align each model objectively. The computational method showed consistent, reproducible results. Asymmetry was observed in length, head area, and torsion, whereas the position of the largest cross-sectional area remained similar bilaterally. Computational 3D measurements improve reliability and objectivity in bone morphology evaluation and may enhance precision in orthopedic applications.