Medicolegal Implications in Orthopaedic Surgery: The Emerging Challenges of Artificial Intelligence and Robotic Integration.

Abstract

The incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) and robotic systems into orthopaedic procedures is transforming diagnostic accuracy, surgical efficiency, and clinical outcomes. Despite these technological advancements, they also bring forth significant ethical, legal, and professional challenges that remain underexplored-especially in countries with evolving regulatory landscapes. This review synthesizes current literature on AI- and robotics-related medicolegal concerns in orthopaedics, focusing on diagnostic inaccuracies, mechanical or software-related failures, and the complexities of obtaining valid informed consent in a digital age. The analysis also considers the status of training and credentialing processes in low and middle-income settings. Our findings reveal critical gaps in accountability structures for AI-driven decisions, risk management protocols for robotic failures, and legal protections for both patients and surgeons. Additionally, there is a marked deficiency in standardized educational pathways for the safe and competent use of these technologies in clinical orthopaedics. As AI and robotics become more prevalent in orthopaedic practice, particularly in India, there is an immediate need to establish comprehensive legal, ethical, and professional frameworks. Proactive regulation, clear guidelines, and structured training programs are essential to ensure patient safety and minimize medico-legal risk.