Spermine is an endogenous iron chelator that inhibits ferroptosis.
basic_science · Level V
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- Record sourced from PubMed, PMID 42236947.
- Also identified by DOI 10.1038/s41586-026-10597-2.
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Abstract
Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of cell death driven by lipid peroxidation<sup>1</sup>. Here we identify spermine-a polyamine derived from spermidine<sup>2</sup>-as an endogenous iron chelator that directly suppresses ferroptosis. Integrating metabolomics, stable isotope tracing and biophysical studies of the interaction between spermine and Fe<sup>2+</sup> ions, we demonstrate that aldehyde dehydrogenase 18 family member A1 (ALDH18A1) promotes an alternative glutamine-dependent pathway for de novo spermine synthesis. This process limits iron availability and lipid peroxidation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of ALDH18A1-through knockout, short hairpin RNA delivered using adeno-associated virus (AAV), or the small molecule inhibitor YG1702-triggers ferroptosis and impairs both spontaneous and chemically induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Conversely, supplementation of spermine protects against ferroptosis-associated ischaemia-reperfusion injury across multiple tissues, including the liver, intestine and kidneys. These findings uncover a pathophysiologically relevant metabolic circuit in which spermine-mediated iron chelation suppresses ferroptosis.