Deep mutational scanning reveals pharmacologically relevant insights into TYK2 signaling and disease.

Abstract

Tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) is a genetically defined target for autoimmune disease, with first-generation inhibitors showing clinical success in some but not all associated indications. A deeper understanding of TYK2 structure-function relationships, protein-ligand interactions, and the impact of human variants could inform next-generation therapeutics. Here, we applied deep mutational scanning (DMS) to assess >23,000 amino acid substitutions across two TYK2 functions: interferon alpha (IFN-α) signaling and protein abundance. This enabled high-resolution structure-function mapping and the identification of novel allosteric sites. By coupling DMS with inhibitor treatment, we uncovered variants that modulate compound potency. We also show that human variants - both common and rare - that are protective against autoimmune phenotypes reduce TYK2 protein abundance. Together, these findings demonstrate that DMS can prospectively reveal novel druggable sites, clarify structure-activity relationships (SAR), and highlight TYK2 degradation as a potential therapeutic strategy in autoimmunity.