Flexural phonon instability defines intrinsic van der Waals elastic limits in the interlayer direction.

Wang, Heyi; Liu, Miaojie; Li, Jiayi; Feng, Shizhe; Hou, Yuan; Cheng, Man Kit; Cao, Ke; Meng, Fanling et al. · Nat Commun · 2026

basic_science · Level V

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Abstract

Frenkel's cohesive model predicts an ideal elastic strain limit of ~10% for strong solids, a bound upheld in conventional materials. We demonstrate that such consistency breaks down in van der Waals (vdW) solids, challenging established strength theories. In situ tensile tests, combined with first-principles calculations, reveal unexpected localized decohesion failure at only ~3% strain in graphite and ~2% in h-BN along the interlayer direction-well below defect-controlled limits-defining their intrinsic elastic limits. This localization phenomenon is absent in MoS<sub>2</sub>, GaSe, and 3D crystals. We identify flexural phonon instability as the trigger for a cascade of strain localization, creating periodic nanogaps to release elastic strain energy. This dynamic instability redefines the intrinsic elastic limits of vdW crystals and opens pathways to tailor their structural/transport properties via strain engineering.