Indium-free perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells with tin oxide recombination layer and electrodes.
basic_science · Level V
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- Record sourced from PubMed, PMID 42313913.
- Also identified by DOI 10.1126/science.aef5355.
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Abstract
Indium-based transparent conductive oxides are widely used as electrodes and recombination layers in perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells, yet their scalability is constrained by indium scarcity and sputtering-induced damage. Here we report high efficiency and stable indium-free perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells enabled by reactive plasma deposited tin oxide (RPD-SnO<i><sub>x</sub></i>). For RPD-SnO<i><sub>x</sub></i> as the recombination layer, a certified efficiency of 33.6% is achieved. Fully indium-free tandems that used RPD-SnO<i><sub>x</sub></i> as both recombination layer and electrodes delivering a champion PCE of 33.2% (1 cm<sup>2</sup>) and a mini-module with a certified efficiency of 31.0% (207.9 cm<sup>2</sup>). Dense and uniform self-assembled monolayer anchoring enabled by RPD-SnO<i><sub>x</sub></i> suppressed non-radiative recombination and reduced halide migration. Indium-free mini-modules exhibited high thermal, damp-heat, and outdoor operational stability and retained 65% of their maximum initial efficiency after 105 days of outdoor operation.