Deep residual learning for molecular force fields.

Abstract

Accurate descriptions of interactions between atoms are essential for molecular simulations used to study biology and support drug discovery. Existing force fields often face a trade-off between physical reliability, computational efficiency, and accuracy across unfamiliar molecules. Here we show that Residual Learning Force Field, a hybrid machine learning force field, can reduce this trade-off by combining simple physics-based descriptions of bonded interactions with learned corrections for remaining energetic effects. The two components are trained together through a three-step strategy so that each contributes complementary information. In tests covering drug-like molecules, molecular dimers, torsional energy profiles, energy-minimum structures, and biomolecular simulations, Residual Learning Force Field gives accurate and stable predictions across diverse systems. These results suggest that combining physical constraints with data-driven corrections can provide a practical route toward more reliable and efficient molecular simulation for biological research and drug discovery.