Volumetric Functional Ultrasound Imaging in Macaques.
basic_science · Level V
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- Record sourced from PubMed, PMID 42406661.
- Also identified by DOI 10.1109/TMI.2026.3710133.
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Abstract
Linking circuit level activity to large scale functional organization requires imaging methods combining high spatial resolution, broad coverage, and single trial sensitivity. We present volumetric functional ultrasound imaging (3D-fUS) in behaving macaques, enabling imaging of ~1 cm³ cortical volumes at high spatiotemporal resolution (100 × 150 × 150 μm³ voxels, 1.67 Hz). Visually evoked responses were reliably detected at the level of single trials and single voxels, substantially reducing experimental time. To enable model-based analyses analogous to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we estimated a fUS hemodynamic response function (fUS-HRF) that was consistent across subjects, cortical areas, and visual stimuli and was well approximated by a gamma function. Compared with fMRI HRFs, the fUS-HRF exhibited faster dynamics, enabling shorter and more closely spaced stimulus presentations. Together, these results establish 3D-fUS as a fast, volumetric, and circuit relevant imaging modality for efficient investigation of distributed cortical dynamics in primates.