Effects of Pharmacological GIP Infusion on Insulin, Glucagon, and Cardiovascular Responses During Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes.

Sun, Yixuan; Xie, Cong; Huang, Weikun; Bound, Michelle; Grivell, Jacqueline; Jones, Karen L; Horowitz, Michael; Macdonald, Ian A et al. · Diabetes · 2026

prospective_cohort · Level II

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Abstract

The clinical success of dual glucagon-like peptide 1/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor agonists has renewed interest in the pharmacological actions of GIP in type 2 diabetes (T2D), although its metabolic and cardiovascular effects remain incompletely understood. The study evaluated the effects of a pharmacological GIP infusion on glucose homeostasis and cardiovascular responses during hyperglycemia in individuals with T2D. GIP stimulated insulin secretion and increased whole-body glucose disposal during hyperglycemia while modestly attenuating glucagon suppression and impairing insulin sensitivity. GIP also augmented heart rate and reduced blood pressure. Our findings demonstrate that GIP remains biologically active in T2D and pharmacological doses modulate glucose metabolism and cardiovascular function.