International value-based programs.

McGuire, Kevin J; Sun, Jiaoyuan Elisabeth · Spine J · 2026

review · Level V

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Abstract

Value-based (VB) models of care similar to CMS's TEAM have been developed and implemented in several countries. The purpose of this review was to examine the current state of international (VB) care models in terms of purpose, scale, scope, parameters, mechanics and where possible, limitations and successes in the context of TEAM. Methods: Targeted, mixed source review to identify international VB models relevant to spine surgery. Most, however, are in the early adoption stages and differ widely in scale and structure. However, by comparing TEAM to a Spine specific VB model in Stockholm, there are significant differences in philosophy that are built into the model design.