Plasma surface engineering for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells and modules.

Fan, Rundong; Ma, Yue; Xu, Shuoyang; Cheng, Liang; Zhang, Zhongyang; Li, Yan; Liu, Huijun; Bao, Zhaoboxun et al. · Science · 2026

basic_science · Level V

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Abstract

The instability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) stems largely from the formation and evolution of interfacial defects associated with the soft, multicomponent perovskite lattice. We report a scalable, plasma-based passivation strategy that forms conformal, uniform, and strong-bonded heterostructure through in situ chemical reactions on large-area perovskite films. This approach also mitigates defect accumulation within the laser-scribed interconnection regions, where localized damage often dominates module-level performance losses. We achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 27.2% in small-area devices (active area 8.313 square millimeters) and 24.0% (certified efficiency of 23.5%) in 100-square-centimeter (cm<sup>2</sup>) modules (aperture area 65.05 cm<sup>2</sup>). The small-area device retained 98.1% of its initial PCE after 2000 hours of maximum power point tracking at 85°C under 1-sun illumination, and the 100-cm<sup>2</sup> module retained 99.3% of its initial PCE after 1600 hours at 65°C under 1-sun illumination.