Occupational Disparities in PM2.5-Related Mortality in Seoul, South Korea: Applying Distributed Lag Models.

Shin, Jiyoung; Oh, Jongmin; Kim, Kyeezu · J Occup Environ Med · 2026

cross_sectional · Level IV

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Abstract

This study aimed to examine occupational disparities in PM2.5-related mortality in Seoul, South Korea. We analyzed a comprehensive, population-based dataset of daily all-cause mortality and PM2.5 concentrations in Seoul over a five-year period. Generalized Additive Models and Distributed Lag Models were employed to estimate the short-term associations between PM2.5 and mortality across different subgroups, including age, sex, and occupation. A significant positive association between PM2.5 and mortality was observed, with distinct patterns among socio-demographic subgroups. In particular, blue-collar workers and elementary workers showed substantially higher relative risks (RR). Our findings demonstrate that individual's occupations are important determinants of PM2.5 vulnerability. Air quality management policies should move beyond universal concentration targets and incorporate tailored management for high-risk groups and individuals to effectively mitigate environmental health inequalities.