Computational Optimization of the Orbital Shaker Operational Parameters in Endothelial Mechanobiology.

Muñoz, Erik; Tsoukias, Nikolaos M; Alevriadou, B Rita; Mirza, Asad · Ann Biomed Eng · 2026

basic_science · Level V

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Abstract

Orbital shakers are used in endothelial (EC) mechanobiology to simulate hemodynamic environments, yet guidelines for selecting physiologically relevant parameters are lacking. Using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, we investigated the effects of different orbital radii (A, at either 5 or 10 mm), angular velocities (RPM), and initial fluid heights (h<sub>0</sub>) on wall shear stress (WSS) and free surface height (h) in 6-well plates on an orbital shaker. We identified operational bounds that generate undisturbed flow (UF) at the periphery and disturbed flow (DF) at the center, with WSS levels analogous to those in human arteries (peripheral: 10-14 dynes/cm<sup>2</sup>; central: 3-6 dynes/cm<sup>2</sup>), while minimizing media spillage and transient air exposure. For A = 5 mm, recommended settings span 190-210 RPM across h<sub>0</sub> = 2.6-4.1 mm; for A = 10 mm, 170 RPM is suitable for h<sub>0</sub> = 2.6-4.1 mm. Peripheral WSS was relatively insensitive to h<sub>0</sub>, while central WSS increased with decreasing h<sub>0</sub>. Free surface analysis confirmed that maximum fluid height remained below the well rim under recommended conditions. These insights inform orbital shaker settings that balance biological relevance with experimental practicality for EC mechanobiology studies.