Longitudinal Trajectories of 3-Dimensional Eye Shape and Pathological Sequelae in High Myopia.

Abstract

The highly myopic eye remodels in 3 dimensions, but the longitudinal trajectories of globe shape and their associations with sight-threatening outcomes remain poorly defined. To characterize 15-year 3-dimensional (3D) remodeling trajectories of highly myopic globes and examine their associations with baseline features and ocular outcomes. This 15-year 3D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) cohort substudy was nested within the Zhongshan High Myopia Cohort. Thirty participants (60 eyes) with bilateral high myopia (spherical equivalent refraction, -6.00 D or worse) randomly drawn from 95 participants imaged in September 2011 were rescanned in September 2025. Orbital 3D MRI reconstructions were classified into 6 globe-shape categories. Paired classifications, global enlargement, and staphyloma status defined 5 remodeling patterns: quiescence, proportional expansion, focal emergence, focal progression, and shape transition. Distribution of remodeling patterns and their associations with myopic macular degeneration (MMD), myopic traction maculopathy (MTM), posterior staphyloma (PS), visual acuity, and visual field indices. Among the 30 included participants, the mean (SD) age was 37.30 (15.89) years, and 16 (53.3%) participants were women. The 60 eyes were classified as quiescent (21 [35.0%]), proportional expansion (12 [20.0%]), focal emergence (14 [23.3%]), focal progression (6 [10.0%]), or shape transition (7 [11.7%]). No deformed eye reverted to spheroidal. Pattern distribution was associated with baseline age and contour: 10 of 12 eyes (83.3%) of individuals younger than 20 years underwent proportional expansion, whereas 13 of 24 eyes (54.2%) of individuals aged 40 years and older followed focal progression or shape transition. Eyes with focal emergence had the largest best-corrected visual acuity decline (0.26 logMAR) and mean deviation worsening (-3.50 dB), and eyes with shape transition had the largest pattern standard deviation increasing (1.95 dB). At similar axial elongation, eyes developing focal deformation had higher frequencies of MMD progression (91.7%; 95% CI, 74.2-97.7 vs 58.8%; 95% CI, 36.0-78.4; P = .02), incident or progressive PS (91.7%; 95% CI, 74.2-97.7 vs 17.6%; 95% CI, 6.2-41.0; P < .001), and MTM (58.3%; 95% CI, 38.8-75.5 vs 11.8%; 95% CI, 3.3-34.3; P = .003). Highly myopic globes followed age- and geometry-associated trajectories linked to outcomes beyond axial elongation. These 2-time-point findings potentially support 3D shape analysis as a candidate framework for individualized surveillance, pending prospective validation.