Clinical Relevance of Genomics Defined WHO5 Subtypes of Pediatric B-ALL in the Context of Measurable Residual Disease-Directed Risk-Based Therapy.

Abstract

WHO5 (2022) classification of B-lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) incorporates several novel entities requiring high-throughput sequencing for their accurate characterization. The clinical relevance of this classification in the context of contemporary measurable residual disease (MRD)-directed therapy is unclear. We analyzed 533 pediatric B-ALL uniformly treated with Indian Collaborative Childhood Leukaemia group (ICiCLe)-ALL-14 protocol as defined by WHO-2016 and reclassified them as per WHO5 using targeted sequencing, FISH, and cytogenetics. Subtype-defining genomic abnormalities were identified in 81.2% of the cohort as per the WHO5 classification. Among the new subtypes, <i>PAX5</i>^alt and <i>MEF2D</i>-r were associated with a trend toward an inferior 3-year event-free survival (EFS) of 32.8% (<i>P</i> = .003) and 33.7% (<i>P</i> = .091), respectively. We developed a three-tier genomic risk stratification model incorporating 15 genomic subtypes and the <i>IKZF1</i> deletion. Children with standard (SGR), intermediate (IGR), and high genomic risk (HGR) demonstrated 3-year EFS of 80.4%, 59.3%, and 45.8% (<i>P</i> < .0001), and 3-year overall survival of 89.6%, 75.3%, and 62.3% (<i>P</i> < .0001), respectively. Genomic risk further identified heterogeneous outcomes among ICiCLe risk groups (<i>P</i> < .0001). SGR was associated with superior EFS irrespective of MRD status (3-year EFS 80.5% in postinduction [PI] MRD-negative <i>v</i> 80.8% PI-MRD-positive patients, <i>P</i> = .530). On multivariable analysis, genomic risk (hazard ratio [HR], 1.7 [95% CI, 1.41 to 2.01]; <i>P</i> < .0001), initial ICiCLe risk (HR, 1.3 [95% CI, 1.06 to 1.49]; <i>P</i> = .009), and PI-MRD (HR, 2.2 [95% CI, 1.66 to 2.90]; <i>P</i> < .0001) independently predicted EFS. The study demonstrates the potential role of genomic risk stratification, in conjunction with MRD, in stratifying patients into clinically relevant risk categories.