Ocular Clues in Musculoskeletal Disorders: A Narrative Review for Orthopaedic Specialists.

Abstract

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are primarily characterized by joint, bone, and connective tissue involvement, but they can also present with ocular manifestations that carry diagnostic and clinical significance. These findings such as uveitis, blue sclera, lens subluxation, and scleritis may serve as early markers of systemic disease or indicate ongoing inflammation that affects orthopaedic decision making. Despite their relevance, ocular symptoms are frequently underrecognized in orthopaedic settings, potentially delaying comprehensive care. This narrative review aims to explore the spectrum of MSDs with documented ocular involvement, examining the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical implications for orthopaedic specialists, and current recommendations for interdisciplinary management and ophthalmology referral. A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, including peer-reviewed studies published between 2016 and 2025. High-risk conditions, such as osteogenesis imperfecta, Marfan syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and juvenile idiopathic arthritis, were emphasized because of their ocular complexity and orthopaedic relevance. Ophthalmologic evaluation in selected musculoskeletal populations can aid in early diagnosis, improve perioperative safety, and support holistic patient care. Incorporating structured identification of patients requiring ophthalmology referral into orthopaedic protocols, especially for syndromic, pediatric, and inflammatory conditions, represents a practical step toward more comprehensive musculoskeletal management.