Penetrating cardiac injuries: clinical classification and management strategy.

Saadia, R; Levy, R D; Degiannis, E; Velmahos, G C · Br J Surg · 1994

review · Level V

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Abstract

The management of penetrating cardiac injury is controversial. To facilitate decision making, a simple clinical classification of patients with such an injury is proposed. Five categories are considered: (1) lifeless, (2) critically unstable, (3) cardiac tamponade, (4) thoracoabdominal injury and (5) benign presentation. Investigation, if indicated, and the timing and setting of surgical intervention are discussed for each category.

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