Antigen processing: the gateway to the immune response.

Abstract

The T-lymphocyte response to an antigen is governed by the source of that antigen and the way in which it is processed. Before recognition by T lymphocytes, proteins must be degraded to peptides by antigen-presenting cells. The peptides are then presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules for recognition by the T cells. Antigens arising outside the cell (e.g., bacteria) are phagocytosed and processed by the exogenous pathway for presentation on MHC class II molecules (e.g., DR) to CD4+ cells. Antigens derived from the cytoplasm (e.g., viral proteins) are processed by the endogenous pathway for presentation by MHC class I molecules (e.g., HLA-A, -B, -C) to CD8+ cells. The response to a hapten or drug is a function of the antigen processing pathway and is determined by its chemical properties. Antigen processing also governs the T-cell response to pathogens, vaccines, and autoimmune conditions.