The starburst giant cell is useful for distinguishing lentigo maligna from photodamaged skin.

Abstract

Because lentigo maligna (LM) occurs in areas of the body that are subjected to long-term UV radiation (UVR), it may be difficult to distinguish atypical melanocytes in LM from the pleomorphic, atypical melanocytes in actinically damaged skin. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the presence of multinucleated melanocytes would help to make this distinction. A total of 89 cases of LM were reviewed for the presence or absence of multinucleated melanocytes and, if present, the maximum number of nuclei was recorded. As controls, 107 elliptical excisions of basal cell carcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma were randomly selected. The tips of the ellipses were reviewed for the presence or absence of multinucleated melanocytes. Multinucleated melanocytes with a "starburst" appearance, because of their prominent dendritic processes, were present in 85% of LM cases but in only 21% of sun-damaged control specimens (p < 0.00001; odds ratio [OR] = 22.6; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 10.6-47.9). The sensitivity and specificity of starburst giant cells (SGCs) in the diagnosis of LM was 85% and 78%, respectively. The maximum number of nuclei per SGC ranged from 2 to 30 in the LM cases (mean, 6.8 +/- 6.1) and from 2 to 6 in the controls (mean, 2.7 +/- 1.1) (p < 0.001). If only those SGCs with more than two nuclei are considered, 76% of cases but only 8% of controls contained SGCs (p < 0.00001; OR = 35.3; CI = 15.2-81.7). Similarly, 64% of cases and 3% of controls had SGCs with more than three nuclei (p < 0.00001; OR = 61.8; CI = 18.1-210.6). The SGC is a useful indicator for the diagnosis of LM. The diagnosis of LM is also more likely as the number of nuclei in SGC increases.