Outcomes in the first 5 years after traumatic brain injury.

Abstract

To examine the extent to which outcomes from traumatic brain injury differ as a function of time and can be predicted at discharge from inpatient rehabilitation. Survey method employing cross-sectional analyses. An inpatient brain injury rehabilitation unit in a large midwestern academic medical center. Ninety-five adults with traumatic brain injuries, 6 months to 5 years after inpatient rehabilitation, stratified by time postdischarge. Functional Independence Measure (FIM), Sickness Impact Profile (SIP), Medical Outcomes Survey SF-36, Community Integration Questionnaire (CIQ), Craig Handicap Assessment and Reporting Technique (CHART), Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), and indices of current psychosocial functioning. Substance abuse, need for supervision, life satisfaction, and selected subscales of the CIQ and CHART differed over the period 6 months to 5 years after discharge. Approximately 75% of the variance in current FIM scores, and 40% to 50% of CHART, CIQ, and SIP total scores, could be predicted at time of discharge. Outcomes over the first 5 years after discharge were dynamic, with most change being improvement, at least after the first 2 years. Important aspects of outcome could not be predicted based on premorbid characteristics, injury severity, and initial functional abilities.